Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo (lhendatult Francisco Franco Bahamonde vi generalissimus (Generalsimo) Francisco Franco vi el Caudillo ('juht')); (4. detsember 1892 Ferrol - 20. november 1975 Madrid) oli Hispaania riigipea aastast 1936 kuni 1975. aastani, mil ta suri.. Tema esivanemate hulgas oli ka Portugali kuningaid. Until his death in November 1975, Franco ruled Spain as "Caudillo by the grace of God," as his coins proclaimed. [123], The Nationalist victory could be accounted for by various factors:[124] the Popular Front government had reckless policies in the weeks prior to the war, where it ignored potential dangers and alienated the opposition, encouraging more people to join the rebellion, while the rebels had superior military cohesion, with Franco providing the necessary leadership to consolidate power and unify the various rightist factions. [41], Franco was a subscriber to the journal of Accin Espaola, a monarchist organisation, and a firm believer in a supposed Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiracy, or contubernio (conspiracy). The Alianza Obrera declared a general strike "against fascism" in Catalonia in 1934. [136] In 1937, Franco assumed as the tentative doctrine of his regime 26 out of the original 27 points. (October 2011) "Political Ascent and Military Commander: General Franco in the Early Months of the Spanish Civil War, JulyOctober 1936". [83] During the war, rape, torture and summary executions committed by soldiers under Franco's command were used as a means of retaliation and to repress political dissent. Franco died in 1975, aged 82, and was entombed in the Valle de los Cados. In order to achieve that goal, censorship was enforced by the Book Censorship section, the Cinema and Theater . After landing in Spain, Franco and his army marched towardMadrid. [169] However, an affected Mussolini did not appear to be interested in Franco's help due to the defeats his forces had suffered in North Africa and the Balkans, and he even told Franco that he wished he could find any way to leave the war. Reputed to be scrupulously honest, introverted, and a man of comparatively few intimate friends, he was known to shun all frivolous amusements. On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States and the IMF managed to convince the regime to adopt a free market economy. The following year he was seriously wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and returned to Spain to recover. He felt Spain would be a burden as it would be dependent on Germany for help. Subsequently, Alcal-Zamora vetoed the logical replacement, a majority center-right coalition, led by the CEDA, which would reflect the composition of the parliament. The entrance of CEDA in the government, despite being normal in a parliamentary democracy, was not well accepted by the left. Charity; FMCG; Media [89] In Germany Wilhelm Canaris, the head of the Abwehr military intelligence service, persuaded Hitler to support the Nationalists;[90] Hitler sent twenty Ju 52 transport aircraft and six Heinkel biplane fighters, on the condition that they were not to be used in hostilities unless the Republicans attacked first. When conservative forces gained control of the republic in 1933, Franco was restored to active command; in 1934 he was promoted to major general. [62] Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from 15 February onwards), and from 19 May 1935, on, Chief of the General Staff. In 1915 he became the youngest captain in the Spanish army. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Azaa found Franco's farewell speech to the cadets insulting. Divorce was forbidden, along with contraceptives, and abortion. The family expressed its wish that Franco's remains be reinterred with full military honors at the Almudena Cathedral in the centre of Madrid, the burial place he had requested before his death. While the Republican forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "Catholic Spain" against "atheist communism".[142][143]. The rebels appointed him at the end of September 1936 Generalissimo of the Armies and Head of the Government of the Spanish State. The Valley of the Fallen in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain. He also added "by the grace of God", a phrase usually part of the styles of monarchs, to his style. To secure the transition to democracy, they agreed not to have investigations or prosecutions dealing with the civil war or Franco. He became head of the rebel Nationalist government on October 1 but did not gain complete control of the country for more than three years. The longevity of Franco's rule, his suppression of political opposition, and his government's effective propaganda sustained through the years have made a detached evaluation difficult. Franco was initially disliked by Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, who, during World War II, suggested a joint U.S.-Latin American declaration of war on Spain to overthrow Franco's regime. The remains of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco have been moved from a vast mausoleum to a low-key grave, 44 years after his elaborate funeral. The following year he was promoted to first lieutenant in an elite regiment of native Moroccan cavalry. He became a leader in the anti-Communist movement, garnering support from the West, particularly the United States. [172] In November 1942, US President Roosevelt wrote to General Franco: "your nation and mine are friends in the best sense of the word." Opinions on the exhumation were divided by party line, with the Socialist party strongly in favour of the exhumation as well as the removal of his statue there. Check out the latest domestic and international stats, match logs, goals, height, weight and more for Francisco Vidal Franco playing for Deportivo Toluca FC in the Liga MX. Israel expressed disinterest in establishing relations, although there were some informal economic ties between the two countries in the later years of Franco's governance. [221] He was buried a few metres from the grave of the Falange's founder, Jose Antonio. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV) of fully motorised units (some 12,000 Italians), to Seville, and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the Luftwaffe (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. For unofficial use, citizens continued to speak these languages. Franco placed no obstacles to Britain's construction of a large air base extending from Gibraltar into Spanish territorial waters, and welcomed the Anglo-American landings in North Africa. [26] Franco also received the Cross of Maria Cristina, First Class.[27]. [230], On 11 May 2017, the Congress of Deputies approved, by 1981 with 140 abstentions, a motion driven by the Socialist Workers' Party ordering the Government to exhume Franco's remains. Francisco Franco, in full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, byname El Caudillo (The Leader), (born December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spaindied November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (193639); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975. Characteristics of Franco. Francisco Franco - Wikipedia Franco was eventually recognised for his leadership, and he was promoted to brigadier general on 3 February 1926, making him the youngest general in Europe at age 33, according to Payne and Palacios. With that he was promoted to major at the end of February 1917 at age 24. The resolution also urged that historians (professional and amateur) be given access to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the private Francisco Franco National Foundation (FNFF) which, along with other Francoist archives, remain inaccessible to the public as of 2006. [240] According to a poll by the Spanish newspaper, El Mundo, 43% of Spanish people approved of the exhumation while 32.5% opposed it. [236] His body was to be exhumed from the Valle de los Cados on 10 June 2019, but the Supreme Court of Spain ruled that the exhumation would be delayed until the family had exhausted all possible appeals. At the time of her death in 1988, Carmen Polo was receiving a pension of over 12.5million pesetas (four million more than the salary of Felipe Gonzlez, then head of the government).[260]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During the Algerian War (195462), Madrid became the base of the Organisation arme secrte (OAS), a right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve French Algeria. His reign was marked by both brutal repression, with tens of thousands killed, and economic prosperity, which greatly improved the quality of life in Spain. On 14 June 1940, Spanish forces in Morocco occupied Tangier (a city under international control) and did not leave until the war's end in 1945. Franco appealed the decision to the king, who reversed it. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the Army of Africa. Troops of the Spanish Army of Africa carried this out, with General Eduardo Lpez Ochoa as commander in the field. On 23 February, Franco was sent to the Canary Islands to serve as the islands' military commander, an appointment perceived by him as a destierro (banishment). [176], Franco had a controversial association with Jews during the WWII period. For some time he refused to commit himself to a military conspiracy against the government, but, as the political system disintegrated, he finally decided to join the rebels. From 24 July a coordinating junta, the National Defence Junta, was established, based at Burgos. The political party with the most votes was the Confederacin Espaol de Derechas Autnomas ("CEDA"), but president Alcal-Zamora declined to invite the leader of the CEDA, Gil Robles, to form a government. 2012 HarperPress. At the end of 1935, President Alcal-Zamora manipulated a petty-corruption issue into a major scandal in parliament, and eliminated Alejandro Lerroux, the head of the Radical Republican Party, from the premiership. Francisco Franco apparently worried about the . Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed Polica Armada (Armed Police). Not only did the Nationalists receive more foreign aid to sustain their war effort, but there is evidence that they made more efficient use of such aid. Su infancia estuvo marcada por el abandono de su padre, que era liberal, y por su aspecto fsico. This cultural policy was relaxed over time, most notably during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Franco presided over a government that was basically a military dictatorship, but he realized that it needed a regular civil structure to broaden its support; this was to be derived mainly from the antileftist middle classes. Serrano Ser tried to move the party in a more fascist direction by appointing his acolytes to important positions, and the party became the leading political organization in Francoist Spain. [123] Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. His method was the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own cousin). The rebels made effective use of a smaller navy, acquiring the most powerful ships in the Spanish fleet and maintaining a functional officer corp, while Republican sailors had assassinated a large number of their naval officers who sided with the rebels in 1936, as at Cartagena,[126] and El Ferrol. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (* 4. december 1892 - 20. november 1975 ), oznaovan tie ako generl Franco, bol panielsky dikttor a najvy predstavite panielska od roku 1939 a do svojej smrti v roku 1975. Indeed, Los Blancos are often depicted as being the favoured team of General Francisco Franco - the dictator who ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death in 1975 - and his regime. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty."[74]. [112], On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalsimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State). He wore the uniform of a Captain General (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in El Pardo Palace. [211] The Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unin General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. [94] At the same time communist parties throughout the world quickly launched a full scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and he had also cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy. This way the republican government of Manuel Azaa initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country. This historic alliance commenced with the visit of US President Dwight Eisenhower to Spain in 1953, which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. His recovery was seen by his Moroccan troops as a spiritual event they believed Franco to be blessed with baraka, or protected by God. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde ( 4. joulukuuta 1892 - 20. marraskuuta 1975) oli espanjalainen kenraali, joka toimi kansallismielisten armeijoiden ylipllikkn niden voittoon pttyneess Espanjan sisllissodassa ja sen jlkeen Espanjan diktaattorina 1939-1975. [91] Mussolini sent 12 Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 transport/bombers, and a few fighter aircraft. Francisco Franco was a career soldier who rose through the ranks until the mid-1930s. [256] Since 1978, the national anthem of Spain, the Marcha Real, does not include lyrics introduced by Franco. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police force for civilians, which functioned as Franco's chief means of social control. In October 1934, during a bloody uprising of Asturian miners who opposed the admission of three conservative members to the government, Franco was called in to quell the revolt. . From 1917 to 1920, he served in Spain. Spain was excluded from the Marshall Plan,[205] unlike other neutral countries in Europe. The assassination of prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco in the 20 December 1973 bombing by ETA eventually gave an edge to the liberalizing faction. Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol. At the time Hitler did not want to risk damaging his relations with the new Vichy French government. The insurgency in Asturias in October 1934 sparked a new era of violent anti-Christian persecutions with the massacre of 34 priests, initiating the practice of atrocities against the clergy,[55] and sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. These attacks were requested by General Franco as retribution against the Catalan population. Spain did not intern any of the 1,200 American airmen who were forced to land in the country, but "gave them refuge and permitted them to leave. "[140], Franco's advisor on Falangist party matters, Ramn Serrano Ser, who was the brother-in-law of his wife Carmen Polo, and a group of Serrano Ser's followers dominated the FET JONS, and strove to increase the party's power. Corrections? Franco was briefly elevated to Chief of Army Staff before the 1936 election moved the leftist Popular Front into power, relegating him to the Canary Islands. [49] The Catalan Bloc Obrer i Camperol (BOC) advocated the need to form a broad workers' front, and took the lead in forming a new and more encompassing Alianza Obrera, which included the Catalan UGT and the Catalan sector of the PSOE, with the goal of defeating fascism and advancing the socialist revolution. On 22 November Juan Carlos was proclaimed King of Spain. [245] Abroad he had support from Winston Churchill, Charles De Gaulle, Konrad Adenauer and many American Catholics, but was strongly opposed by the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. During the war, he commanded Spain's African colonial army and later, following the deaths of much of the rebel leadership, became his faction's only leader, being appointed Generalissimo and head of state in 1936. He was recommended for promotion to major and to receive Spain's highest honour for gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. [223], The major European governments, who condemned Franco's regime, declined to send high-level representatives to his funeral. The International Brigades were usually deployed as shock troops, and as a result they suffered high casualties. [59], With this rebellion against legitimate established political authority, the socialists also repudiated the representative institutional system as the anarchists had done. By the time of Franco's death in 1975, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe but the gap between its per capita GDP and that of the leading Western European countries had narrowed greatly, and the country had developed a large industrialised economy. [224] Some of the few foreign dignitaries and government representatives who attended were: Nelson Rockefeller, Vice President of the United States,[225] Lord Shepherd, Leader of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom[226] (Harold Wilson caused controversy within the Labour Party by sending him to represent the UK Government),[227] Prince Rainier III of Monaco, King Hussein of Jordan, Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines and the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, dictator of the Philippines,[228] Hugo Banzer, military dictator of Bolivia,[222] and Augusto Pinochet, the dictator of Chile,[225] for whom the Spanish Caudillo was a role-model. [39] Azaa entered an official reprimand into Franco's personnel file and for six months Franco was without a post and under surveillance. [233], Franco's family opposed the exhumation, and attempted to prevent it by making appeals to the Ombudsman's Office. [5] [6] The only child of Franco, Carmen Franco (1926-2017) led the organisation and later became its . [209] According to Antony Beevor, recent research in more than half of Spain's provinces indicates at least 35,000 official executions in the country after the war, suggesting that the generally accepted figure of 35,000 official executions is low. The end of the war led to hundreds of thousands of exiles, mostly to France, but also to Mexico, Chile, Cuba, and the United States. Though the colonial units sent to the north by the government at Franco's recommendation[53] consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Moroccan Regulares Indigenas,[58] the right-wing press portrayed the Asturian rebels as lackeys of a foreign Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy. As a conservative and a monarchist, he opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Written as a series of articles in the late 40's under the pen name Jakim Boor, this book outlines General Franco's fears of the freemasonry including ideas on the creation of Israel and Spain's loss of its African colonies. Economic policies under Franco's dictatorship - UKEssays.com International firms established factories in Spain where salaries were low, company taxes very low, strikes forbidden and workers' health or state protections almost unheard of. The Communist International (Comintern) immediately reinforced its activity, sending to Spain its Secretary-General, the Bulgarian Georgi Dimitrov, and Palmiro Togliatti the chief of the Communist Party of Italy. What were Francisco Franco's goals? - Answers Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350million to 600million euros. [238] On 24 October 2019 his remains were moved to his wife's mausoleum which is located in the Mingorrubio Cemetery, and buried in a private ceremony. The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. By 1941, Vichy French forces were proving their effectiveness in North Africa, reducing the need for Spanish help, and Hitler was wary about opening up a new front on the western coast of Europe as he struggled to reinforce the Italians in Greece and Yugoslavia. Francisco followed his father into the Navy, but as a result of the SpanishAmerican War the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. [14], After relocating to Galicia, the Franco family was involved in the Spanish Navy, and over the span of two centuries produced naval officers for six uninterrupted generations (including several admirals),[15] down to Franco's father Nicols Franco Salgado-Arajo[es] (22 November 1855 22 February 1942). Experienced Executive and Sales Professional with ample Management Skills and International Experience. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo, poznatiji kao Generalsimo Francisco Franco (Ferrol, 4. prosinca 1892. His brother Nicols was a naval officer and diplomat who married Mara Isabel Pascual del Pobil. [110] He was, doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the Nationalists would go to Franco. It decided to raise an international brigade of 5,000 men and a fund of 1billion francs to be administered by a committee of five in which Largo Caballero and Dolores Ibrruri ("la Pasionaria") had prominent roles.
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