These nobles were allowed to rule their own lands hereditarily, so long as they observed certain obligations to their king. They know the golden rule: what you would not want for yourself, he taught, do not do to others. (15.23) Confucius emphasized that a society cannot function if people are incapable of taking others perspectives and doing their best for them. As they did so, their lands evolved into powerful states (see Map \(\PageIndex{2}\)). At this point, the many lords had no intention of toppling the king; rather, seeing his military weakness, the most powerful ones stepped in to enforce order. Historians believe the Old Master was a fictional sage invented by Warring States Period philosophers who compiled the book attributed to him. ), known as the Western Zhou (1046-771 B.C. Over time, ties of kinship lost their meaning. The visual arts of the Zhou dynasty reflect the diversity of the feudal states of which it was composed and into which it eventually broke up. Since rulers claimed that their authority came from heaven, the Zhou made great efforts to gain accurate knowledge of the stars and to perfect the astronomical system on which they based their calendar. [36] Although only the first three of these went on to receive imperial patronage in later dynasties, doctrines from each influenced the others and Chinese society in sometimes unusual ways. The first qualification for a ruler or one who serves is moral rectitude. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included bronze smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. Like other young men of similar background, he had access to education and could aspire to serve in some capacity in a feudal state, perhaps at the lords court, or as an official or soldier. Paradoxically, although the Dao is indescribable and cant be seen or heard, the goal of the Daoist is to accord with and follow it. Decorum was important to Confucius. ), { "4.01:_Chronology_of_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Introduction_to_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Questions_to_Guide_Your_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Geography_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_China_from_Neolithic_Village_Settlements_to_the_Shang_Kingdom" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:_The_Long_Zhou_Dynasty_(1046-_256_BCE)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.08:_The_Qin_Dynasty_and_the_Transition_from_Ancient_to_Imperial_China" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.09:_The_Han_Dynasty_202_BCE-220_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.10:_The_Period_of_Division_220-589CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.11:_The_Tang_Dynasty_and_the_Emergence_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.12:_The_Song_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.13:_The_Yuan_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.14:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.15:_Works_Consulted_and_Further_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.16:_Links_to_Primary_Sources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Prehistory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Early_Middle_Eastern_and_Northeast_African_Civilizations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Ancient_and_Medieval_India" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_The_Greek_World_from_Bronze_Age_to_Roman_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_The_Roman_World_from_753_BCE_to_500_BCE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Western_Europe_and_Byzantium_circa_500-1000_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Islam_to_the_Mamluks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_African_History_to_1500" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Americas" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Central_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Western_Europe_and_Byzantium_circa_1000-1500_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 4.7: The Long Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE), [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "Zhou Dynasty", "Confucianism", "Daoism", "Taoism", "Mandate of Heaven", "Confucius", "beeline:print", "program:galileo", "authorname:gisrael" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FWorld_History%2FBook%253A_World_History_-_Cultures_States_and_Societies_to_1500_(Berger_et_al. Qin Emperor Hanwu, Tang Zong and Song Zu. King Zhao was famous for repeated campaigns in the Yangtze areas and died in his last action. Chinas three major pre-modern philosophical and religious traditions are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Marriage and Family, Shanghai. Large bronzes were cast to commemorate these occasions (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. In addition to these rulers, King Wu's immediate ancestors Danfu, Jili, and Wen are also referred to as "Kings of Zhou", despite having been nominal vassals of the Shang kings. The Dong Zhou itself is often further subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (770476 bce), when China consisted of many small squabbling states, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (475221 bce), when the small states consolidated into several larger units, which struggled with one another for mastery. But this goal wont be accomplished through more seeking and more knowledge. A person of humanity is, for instance, one who is capable of empathy and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Han dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Han, the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 bce-220 ce), after the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 bce). This practice was referred to as Two Kings, Three Reverences. The noble man does not abandon humaneness for so much as the space of a meal. (4.5) For Confucius, the highest virtue is humanity, and many of his conversations center upon defining what it is that makes a person humane. The early Western Zhou supported a strong army, split into two major units: "the Six Armies of the west" and "the Eight Armies of Chengzhou". There are several reasons why the Zhou dynasty lasted so long: Centralized government: The Zhou dynasty had a centralized system of government, with a powerful ruler at its head, which allowed for effective administration and control over a large territory. The noble person, filial piety, humaneness, etiquette, Heaven, and government by men of virtue are just some of the ideas Confucius discussed as he traveled the feudal states seeking to advise their lords. The original Zhou capital had been located near present-day Xian in Shaanxi on the Wei River above its confluence with the Huang He (Yellow River). For this, Sunshu is credited as China's first hydraulic engineer. overthrew the last Shang king and formed a new dynasty about 1100 BC. The two most important early books belonging to this tradition are: the Laozi (Old Master) and Zhuangzi (Master Zhuang). Now, the Zhou royal court was faced with the task of governing newly conquered territory, including the former lands of the Shang Dynasty. It lasted for over 800 years and included the reigns of 37 emperors. Eventually, a Daoist church developed, with its own ordained priesthood, temples, and monasteries. The Dao is mysterious: it is beyond sense-perception and yet the source of life and the universe, the ultimate truth transcending the polarities that make up life and yet pervades them, empty and yet the mother of all things. The first was Duke Huan of Qi [who-an of chee]. Daoists developed communal prayers and rituals that could cure illness, free souls from hell, win blessings from heaven, and eliminate sins from the community. The Zhou Dynasty was the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history. A person of humanity is, for instance, one who is capable of empathy and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Rather, they created a class of military commanders and specialists whose promotion was based on their ability to produce victories in the field. The communication system was also greatly improved through the construction of new roads and canals. 4: China and East Asia to the Ming Dynasty, Book: World History - Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 (Berger et al. According to the Duke of Zhou, Heaven had decreed that Shang kings must fall and Zhou rulers should replace them. Decorum was important to Confucius. Should a young man learn to be respectful and reverent towards parents and elders, he will become a humane person, and humane people are far more likely to contribute in a positive way to society. 1: From Earliest Times to the Present, 44-63. 3. It was not until the Dong Zhou and the classical age of Confucius and Laozi that unique local traditions became apparent. For a king, however, these men might become an obstacle or pose a threat because they held this land hereditarily. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. In this capacity, Duke Huan had the authority to resolve disputes between nobles on behalf of the king. Even though they garnered the support of independent-minded nobles, Shang partisans, and several Dongyi tribes, the Duke of Zhou quelled the rebellion, and further expanded the Zhou Kingdom into the east. There were two principal reasons for this. Established during the Western period, the Li (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: l) ritual system encoded an understanding of manners as an expression of the social hierarchy, ethics, and regulation concerning material life; the corresponding social practices became idealized within Confucian ideology. The magistrates job would then be to register the population, maintain law and order, collect tax revenue, and conscript people for labor projects and military campaigns. The establishment date of 1046 BC is supported by the XiaShangZhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier,[5] but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC.[6][7]. K.E. The decline of Zhou Dynasty was mainly caused by the corruption of the government. The last Shang king, Shang Zhou, was a nasty sort of fellow, far different from his predecessor Cheng Tang. In victory, a noble redressed matters of honor and brought glory to his ancestors, something symbolized by the mound of dead enemies placed by his ancestral temple. The principal purpose of these Daoists was to attend to a persons physical and psychological well-being. They know the golden rule: what you would not want for yourself, he taught, do not do to others. (15.23) Confucius emphasized that a society cannot function if people are incapable of taking others perspectives and doing their best for them. Even he did not dare to take the ultimate move released by the Wu Ji patriarch head-on, let alone Gu Mingzhou. secondlyexegesis in the Han dynasty was denied at lastthey denied deifying Confucius.These sequential denials were completed at last in the May Fourth cultural movementwhich was seen as the turning point of the modern period.AsOn New Democracy[by Mao Zedong]puts itthe May Fourth Movement was the source of the revolutionary energy . [51] Other possible cultural influences resulting from Indo-European contact in this period may include fighting styles, head-and-hooves burials, art motifs and myths. In the eleventh century BCE, the Zhou state was a minor power on the western periphery of the Shang realm, located along the Wei [way] River. [58] Zhou is also represented by the star Beta Serpentis in asterism "Right Wall", Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellations).[59]. Kings also militarized their kingdoms landscapes by building forts at strategically critical passes, walls to mark off boundaries, and watchtowers to signal the enemys approach. Around 1046 BC, Wen's son Wu and his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River and defeated King Zhou of Shang at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty. Rather, they pointed to a natural condition that both individuals and society can recover, one that existed before desires trapped people in a world of strife. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. Noble lords loved to demonstrate their prowess and raise their prestige through success in hunting and battling. This move marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (770 256 BCE). They used this Mandate to justify their overthrow of the Shang, and their . ), the ruling house of Zhou exercised a certain degree of "imperial" power over most of central China. The noble person is concerned with rightness, the small person is concerned with profit. (4.16) Confucius redefined the meaning of nobility. What little we know about his life comes primarily from the Analects, a record of conversations Confucius held with his students compiled after he died. The Shang dynasty was conquered by the people of Zhou, who came from farther up the Yellow River in the area of Xi'an in Shaanxi Province. This period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese bronzeware making. The Mandate of Heaven was presented as a religious compact between the Zhou people and their supreme god in heaven. After the Xia and Shang, the next major dynasty in Chinese history is the Zhou Dynasty (1045 256 BCE). The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky had selected this particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth. The system was canonized in the Book of Rites, Zhouli, and Yili compendiums of the Han dynasty (206 BC220 AD), thus becoming the heart of the Chinese imperial ideology. Trade was increased, towns grew up, coinage was developed, chopsticks came into use, and the Chinese writing system was created out of its primitive beginnings in the Shang period. Feudalism generally describes a political and economic system characterized by fragmented authority, a set of obligations (usually of a military nature) between lords and vassals, and grants of land (fiefs) by rulers in exchange for some type of service (see Chapters Three and Twelve). Chinas three major pre-modern philosophical and religious traditions are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Over time, Zhou kings lost their ability to control these lords, and the lords became increasingly independent. The Zhou dynasty had formally collapsed only 35 years earlier, although the dynasty had only nominal power at that point. Eventually, a Daoist church developed, with its own ordained priesthood, temples, and monasteries. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. His and his successors power was, however, much reduced. In 651 BCE, he convened an interstate meeting with other lords to discuss matters of order and security. Rather, they created a class of military commanders and specialists whose promotion was based on their ability to produce victories in the field. Stated more simply, Warring States Period rulers created administrative units and a civil service. Over the next 250 years, during what is referred to as the Warring States Period (475 221 BCE), these states averaged one major battle per year until, at the very end, only one remained standing. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. Some would travel from state to state peddling schemes of administrative or military reform. During Confucius's lifetime in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou kings had little power, and much administrative responsibility and de-facto political strength was wielded by rulers of smaller domains and local community leaders. The Eastern Zhou, however, is also remembered as the golden age of Chinese philosophy: the Hundred Schools of Thought which flourished as rival lords patronized itinerant shi scholars is led by the example of Qi's Jixia Academy. Others followed, marking a turning point, as rulers did not even entertain the pretence of being vassals of the Zhou court, instead proclaiming themselves fully independent kingdoms. Over time, however, Zhou kinship feudalism failed to function as intended by the founding rulers. These hegemons periodically convened interstate meetings to manage such matters as misbehaving states or foreign invasions. (View the image of a Warring States Period soldier at the following link: http://brandonqindynasty.weebly.com/9/8580061.jpeg. These jobs came to symbolize proper order in society. These hegemons periodically convened interstate meetings to manage such matters as misbehaving states or foreign invasions. Zhou dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Chou, dynasty that ruled ancient China for some eight centuries, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next two millennia. bc, Chinadied 1046 bc, China), last sovereign ( c. 1075-46 bc) of the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600-1046 bc ), who, according to legend, lost his empire because of his extreme debauchery. The king and his regent did so by implementing three policies. Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed Duke Hui of Eastern Zhou as King Nan's successor after their capital, Chengzhou, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. After the Xia and Shang, the next major dynasty in Chinese history is the Zhou Dynasty (1045 256 BCE). Tai later led the clan from Bin to Zhou, an area in the Wei River valley of modern-day Qishan County. In 651 BCE, he convened an interstate meeting with other lords to discuss matters of order and security. The "Mandate of Heaven" is an ancient Chinese philosophical concept, which originated during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 B.C.E.). So Han Dynasty abolished the Qin legal system and advocate Confucianism to make the government friendly to its people and make the people obey the rules of government. The king and his regent did so by implementing three policies. Second, Zhou kings were unable to impose their will on feuding feudal lords and were even defeated by them in several military campaigns. These Daoists largely rejected Confucian ideas about human moral development and social order as artificial constructs. In addition, he insisted that such virtues as humanity are most fully demonstrated when individuals observe good etiquette. With King You dead, a conclave of nobles met at Shen and declared the Marquis's grandson King Ping. As opposed to serving a lesson to and resolving some dispute with another lord, these self-declared kings waged war to destroy them and take their land. The beginning date of the Zhou has long been debated. These texts explained how the natural world originated from a primordial ether (qi) and its division into two polar forces: the yin and yang (see Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). The Qin absorbs the remains of the Zhou state. After 540 wars were fought over two centuries, only fifteen states remained by 475 BCE (see Map \(\PageIndex{2}\)). For more than 800 years (9-17 centuries), the Central Plains dynasty failed to effectively control Xinjiang (the Xinjiang was directly under the jurisdiction of Chahe Tai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty). One description of an elite soldier states that he wears heavy armor, shoulders a large crossbow and fifty arrows, straps a halberd to his back, buckles a helmet to his head, and places a sword to his side.). In contrast, the Legalists had no time for Confucian virtue and advocated a system of strict laws and harsh punishments. During the turmoil of the Warring States period, other individuals developed a philosophy very different from Confucianism called Daoism. When the dynasty was established, the conquered land was divided into hereditary fiefs (, zhhu) that eventually became powerful in their own right. He was a cruel emperor that. Stated more simply, Warring States Period rulers created administrative units and a civil service. The remaining Ji family ruled Yan and Wei until 209 BC. 5. Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhou kings and the regional dynasties thinned over the generations. The term Huj was probably a hereditary title attached to a lineage. Search Results. This separation became tied into Confucian moral values. In discussions that demarcate between trunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage is dubbed the shi. The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be Nan, who was killed when Qin captured the capital Wangcheng[1] in 256 BC. Especially Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi. If a duke took power from his nobles, the state would have to be administered bureaucratically by appointed officials. In the first years of the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 B.C. The first two had their origins in the later centuries of the Eastern Zhou, while Buddhism only began to arrive from South Asia in the first century C.E. Hence, it is hardly surprising that histories inform us that the many lords ceased to pay visits to the kings court. In 771 BCE, for instance, King You [yo] was attacked by the allied forces of the lord of Shen and tribal peoples residing out west. A noble looked for a pretext to engage in a vendetta with another lord, at which point a battle was arranged and then carried out according to the protocols of chivalry. Other states came to the rescue, relocating the kings son, Prince Ping, to the eastern capital at Luoyang. Therefore, they devised better ways to control land in their realms. In this capacity, Duke Huan had the authority to resolve disputes between nobles on behalf of the king. Like other young men of similar background, he had access to an education and could aspire to serve in some capacity in a feudal state, perhaps at the lords court, or as an official or soldier. First, ties of kinship so crucial to the founding of Zhou lost their meaning over time. One of the duties and privileges of the king was to create a royal calendar. These kinsmen took their families, contingents of soldiers, and emblems of nobility to the granted territory and set up palaces and ancestral temples in walled towns. They killed the Zhou king and took control of the whole Wei River Valley. Young men should be filial at home and respectful to their elders when away from home. (1.6) Filial piety is central to Confuciuss thought. Heaven has given birth to the virtue that is in me. 1 (7.22) Interpreters of Confucius have rightly noted that he is quite silent about the supernatural and what happens after death, rather emphasizing the life we have and serving others. Over the long course of this half millennium, Zhou nobility engaged in escalating warfare with each other over matters small and large. The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. The range of applied decoration for the first time included pictorial subjectsfor example, hunting scenes and chariots and horsemen. By 475 BCE, in the wake of 540 wars fought over the course of two centuries, only fifteen states remained (see Map \(\PageIndex{2}\)). A truly noble person is one who puts what is right before personal gain and the desire for wealth and fame. [39], Zhou legitimacy also arose indirectly from Shang material culture through the use of bronze ritual vessels, statues, ornaments, and weapons. The noble person, filial piety, humaneness, etiquette, Heaven, and government by men of virtue are just some of the ideas Confucius discussed as he traveled the feudal states seeking to advise their lords. During the Warring States, rulers introduced large armies composed of mass infantry and cavalry. The Nine Schools of Thought which came to dominate the others were Confucianism (as interpreted by Mencius and others), Legalism, Taoism, Mohism, the utopian communalist Agriculturalism, two strains of Diplomatists, the sophistic Logicians, Sun-tzu's Militarists, and the Naturalists. In 1046 BCE, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown at the Battle of Muye, and the Zhou Dynasty was established. One is to create a unified dynasty, and the other is to make the name of a country exclusive to the nation for the first time. Centralization became more necessary as the states began to war among themselves and decentralization encouraged more war. Confucius lived just prior to the Warring States Period (551-479 BCE). The Great Wall of China's history began in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), was first completed in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), and was last rebuilt as a defense in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). During the third century BCE, the Zhou Kingdom was destroyed and one of these warring states, the Qin [Cheen] Dynasty, prevailed over the rest. His young son took the throne, but was placed under the regency of Wus capable brother, the Duke of Zhou. King Xuan fought the Quanrong nomads in vain. Over a half millennium, Zhou nobility engaged in escalating warfare with each other over matters small and large. During the Western Zhou (1046 771 BCE), Zhou kings dispatched kinsmen to territories he granted to them (see Map \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Finally, these rulers no longer relied solely on close kinsmen to wage war alongside them. The principal purpose of these Daoists was to attend to a persons physical and psychological well-being. The later Wei statesman Ximen Bao, who served Marquis Wen of Wei (445396 BC), was the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. The third policy the Zhou court adopted was to dispatch royal kinsmen to strategically critical locations for the purpose of establishing colonies. The line of Zhou kings had, however, already been extinguished in 256 BCE, so that date marks the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. These nobles were allowed to rule their own lands hereditarily, so long as they observed certain obligations to their king. 1. To achieve these goals, techniques were developed, including special dietary regimens, yoga, Chinese boxing, meditation, and alchemy. Taibo and Zhongyong had supposedly already fled to the Yangtze delta, where they established the state of Wu among the tribes there. Legal. Eventually, the noble lords of the most powerful states also declared themselves kings, and fought to gain control over all of China.
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