", [76] Translation from Sino-Jred relations during the Yung-Lo period, 14031424 by Henry Serruys[77], For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols. ", Education of Kazakh children: A situation analysis. The empire was split into a western and an eastern part around 600, and both divisions were eventually conquered by the Tang dynasty. Huge drop in population of Ethnic Kazakhs between 1897 and 1959 years caused by colonial politics of Russian Empire, then genocide His armies had black, blue, red, white, and yellow flags. Golden objects unearthed from ancient burial mounds built by the Saka warrior people of central Asia a culture which flourished from around the eighth century BC to the third century BC will go on display at the Fitzwilliam Museum. Paris Fashion Week September 2022 Schedule . 1963 p. 59, Hunter, Shireen. [58] The cognates Sushen or Jichen () again appear in the Shan Hai Jing and Book of Wei during the dynastic era referring to Tungusic Mohe tribes of the far northeast. The Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi who originally hailed from the modern-day Chinese province of Gansu under the pressure of the Xiongnu, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. PDF Independence and National Identity in Post-soviet Central Asia Many mounds where elites were buried with their horses and treasures were looted but archaeologists found the archers burial display intact. Soma, Takuya. nomadic kazakh warriors heightbrassaiopsis mitis for sale. There are approximately 440,000 Afghan Kipchaks. KAZINFORM Kazakh nomad warriors who arrived in London to participate in the Lord Mayors Show attracted the attention and the cameras of Londoners and guests of the UK capital from the first minute of their appearance on the city streets, the press service of the Kazakh Embassy in UK informs. Women have been powerful in what is now Kazakhstan since the early Iron Age, when women joined men on the battlefield. Artist, historian Kaliolla Akhmetzhan told about weapon which was used by our forefathers conquered, and warriors' Code of Honor. [41][42], Like many people who live a nomadic lifestyle, Kazakhs keep an epic tradition of oral history which goes back centuries. However, it is still common for Kazakhs to ask each other about the tribe they belong to when they become acquainted with one another. Media, Gender, and National Identity in Almaty, Kazakhstan [71] In spite of the fact that the Manchus practiced archery on horseback and equestrianism, the Manchu's immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture. The burial site of an ancient teenage warrior filled with more than 15,000 pieces of gold jewelry and artefacts has been discovered in Kazakhstan - with hundreds of the items set to go on display . A historical epic set in 18th-century Kazakhstan, where a young man is destined to unite the country's three warring tribes. ONLINE LEARNING. TheLastHussar 21 jan 2022. Mongolian ger Author:Tkn20 CC BY-SA2.5. Wanders never cease: The nomadic life of Mongolia's Kazakh In India, the aka, although known earlier as akya or Kambojas, formed now the Kushan Empire but were confused with the Xionites invading them and were called Mleccha. The early history of a yurt dates back to the 12th century BC, and the nomadic dwelling with a spherical dome, the so-called Kazakh yurt, was finally formed at the beginning of the 19th century. It was a tribal confederation under the Orkhon Uyghur nobility. In around 1860, part of the Middle Jz Kazakhs came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-lgii, Western Mongolia and for most of the 20th century they remained an isolated, tightly knit community. 3.8K 60. Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic vowel length, and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels. 10 Reasons Why Kazakhstan Is One of the World's Most Underrated Cambridge shows ancient gold Kazakh warrior treasures in UK first Therefore, settled civilizations usually became reliant on nomadic ones to provide the supply of horses as neededbecause they did not have resources to maintain these numbers of horses themselves. [29] There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Timur described his own youth without direct authority as his Qazaqliq ("freedom", "Qazaq-ness"). The woven walls are about 1.5 meters in height, and each wall piece is about 3.2 meters in width. Subsequently, the ancestors of Kazakhs belonged to the Golden Horde, a Turco-Mongol state, which would later disintegrate and give rise to the Kazakh Khanate, in which the final ethnogenesis of Kazakhs took place. Genghis Khan was a warrior and ruler of genius who, starting from obscure and insignificant beginnings, brought all the nomadic tribes of Mongolia under the rule of himself and his family in a rigidly disciplined military state. Kazakh archaeologists discovered artefacts there in the last three years. It is the same with us Manchus (Juen) and Mongols. These Jurchens who lived in the north-east's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Kazakhs - Wikipedia Kazakhstan is steeped in epic religious history While the fascinating relics of ancient nomadic culture, warrior battles and medieval fortresses is a rich legacy in itself, there's one particular historical treasure that pilgrims flock to see: The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, built between 1389 and 1405. [67][71] These results are inline with historical demographic information on northern Central Asia. #nomadic #kazakh #warriors #normal #people #drink #milk #eat #meat. Nomadism has been the basis of pastoral cattle farming in the Eurasian and Afro-Asian territory for a long time. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-Sang, Books 15), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. They lived on the Mongolian Plateau between the 3rd century BCE and the 460s CE, their territories including the modern-day northern China, Mongolia, southern Siberia. Leave a reply. In northern Tibet, Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers, and the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh.[when? European Kazakhs use the Latin alphabet. First Horse Warriors | NOVA | PBS As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. Those who claim descent from the original Muslim soldiers and missionaries of the 8th-century command substantial respect in their communities. nomadic kazakh warriors height - paperravenbook.com The Saka people, known as fierce warriors, prospered across an area of steppe to their west and mountains to their east but were also skilled artisans who crafted intricate gold and other metalwork. [3], Camel-oriented Bedouin societies in Arabia have functioned as desert-based analogues of Central-Asian horse-oriented nomadic empires.[4]. In the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the Cossacks of the Imperial Russian Army suggested spelling the final consonant with "kh" instead of "q" or "k", which was officially adopted by the USSR in 1936. Trading in horses actually gave these nomadic groups the means to acquire goods by commercial means and reduced the number of attacks and raids into the territories of Central Plain regimes. [21] At the height of its power in the first half of the 6th century, the Hephthalite Empire controlled territory in present-day Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, India and China.[22][23]. This striking image won our 'Pictures of the Year' photo contest Genghis Khan | Biography, Conquests, Achievements, & Facts [15331534 A. D.]. Kazakhs of the Aday tribe inhabited the border regions of the Russian Empire with Iran since the 18th century. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.024, Omer Gokcumen, Matthew C. Dulik, Athma A. Pai, Sergey I. Zhadanov, Samara Rubinstein, Ludmila P. Osipova, Oleg V. Andreenkov, Ludmila E. Tabikhanova, Marina A. Gubina, Damian Labuda, and Theodore G. Schurr, "Genetic Variation in the Enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: Insights into Turkic Population History. Kazakh was written with the Arabic script until the mid-19th century, when a number of educated Kazakh poets from Muslim madrasahs incited a revolt against Russia. Most Kazakhs continue to identify with their Islamic faith,[54] and even more devotedly in the countryside. Kazakh nomad family The Ile-Alatau National Park is a magnificent wildlife and nature sanctuary, located at Karasai District just about 60 km / 37 mi from Almaty in southeast Kazakhstan. Nomads were generally unable to hold onto conquered territories for long without reducing the size of their cavalry forces because of the limitations of pasture in a settled lifestyle. [38] Kim, however, argues that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the Kutrigur and Utigur Hunno-Bulgars. In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left. , qazaqtar, [qzqtr] (listen)) are a Turkic people native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, mainly Kazakhstan, but also parts of northern Uzbekistan and the border regions of Russia, as well as northwestern China (specifically Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) and western Mongolia (Bayan-lgii Province). National Statistical Office of Mongolia, National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan. [73], A study on allele frequency and genetic polymorphism by Katsuyama et al., found that Kazakhs cluster together with Japanese people, Hui people, Han Chinese, and Uyghurs in contrast to West-Eurasian reference groups. It is most commonly relayed in the form of song (kyi) and poetry (zhyr), which typically tell the stories of Kazakh national heroes. [43] An obscure reference to Ziezi ex quo Vulgares, with Ziezi being an offspring of Biblical Shem, is in the Chronography of 354.[43][44]. [74], A 2020 genetic study on the Kazakh genome, by Seidualy et al., found that the Kazakh people formed from highly mixed historical Central Asian populations. Scepticism in uneasy Kazakhstan as president promises reform, Leading campaigner urges UK to target wealth of Kazakhstani elite, Foreign meddling behind Kazakhstan unrest, Putin claims, Kazakhstan says 164 people were killed in week of unrest, Kazakhstan president vows to destroy bandits and terrorists behind protests. [66], Genomic research confirmed that Kazakhs originated from the admixture of several tribes. Directors Sergei Bodrov Ivan Passer Writer Rustam Ibragimbekov Stars Kuno Becker Jason Scott Lee Jay Hernandez See production, box office & company info Watch on Prime Video rent/buy from $3.99 More watch options Their culture flourished from around 900 BC to around 200 BC, by which time they had extended their influence all over Central Asia - from China to the northern Black Sea. [78] Comparing their samples of Kazakhs from Altai Republic with samples of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan and Kazakhs from Xinjiang, the authors have noted that "haplogroups A, B, C, D, F1, G2a, H, and M were present in all of them, suggesting that these lineages represent the common maternal gene pool from which these different Kazakh populations emerged. Many Kazakhs speak Russian better than Kazakh. Batyrs (warriors) considered an honor to die in battle "All Kazakhs love to train eagles . Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when following disintegration of the Golden Horde, several tribes under the rule of the sultans Janibek and Kerei departed from the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr Khan in hopes of forming a powerful khanate of their own. e. a caste system copied from India. [deleted] 2 yr. ago How many Carloses is that? My people till the fields and live on grain. In 820, war broke out between the Kyrgyz and the Uyghur Khaganate, which continued with varying success for 20 years. It spread to encompass much of modern-day Afghanistan,[16] and then the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great. It was founded by Yel Abaoji (Emperor Taizu of Liao) around the time of the collapse of the Tang dynasty and was the first state to control all of Manchuria. A recurring theme in Kazakhstan is "many peoples, one nation." Historically, the steppe was home to many nomadic peoples, including Kazakhs. The boy was no older than 18 when he died and was buried in the same chamber with a younger female relative. New Patient Forms; After that, the Kyrgyz tribes became part of the ascendant Uyghur Khaganate. Elden Ring where to find all Nomadic Warrior's Cookbooks. "[78], In every sample of Kazakhs, D (predominantly northern East Asian, such as Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, Manchu, Mongol, Han Chinese, Tibetan, etc., but also having several branches among indigenous peoples of the Americas) is the most frequently observed haplogroup (with nearly all of those Kazakhs belonging to the D4 subclade), and the second-most frequent haplogroup is either H (predominantly European) or C (predominantly indigenous Siberian, though some branches are present in the Americas, East Asia, and eastern and northern Europe). In Russia, the Kazakh population lives primarily in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. Nomadic Kazakh society paid the heaviest toll, however, primarily due to the the fragility of the economic basis of nomadic pastoralism when faced with significant losses of livestock. Isn Bugh Khn received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Bshi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistn, where they dwelt in peace and content. nomadic kazakh warriors height - carufloristeria.com [105] Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs. harv error: no target: CITEREFLalueza-Fox2004 (, "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Kazakh yurt is a portable dwelling, which nomads can quickly and easily assemble then disassemble to load onto horses or camels as they seek new pastures. 29, 318350, Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands By Mark Hudson. The average height of a kazakh is like most others of the ural area which is about 5'9. The Kazakhs are the second largest ethnic group in Mongolia after the Khalkhs, with 101,000 people comprising 5% of the population. https://historycollection.com/10-things-about-the-agricultural-revolution-historys-greatest-revolution/9/ Nomadic Kazakh warriors next to normal . The tribal groups formed a powerful confederation that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road. Empires of the Eurasian steppes from classical antiquity to the early modern era, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWaldmanMason2006 (, J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in UNESCO Collection of History of Humanity Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century AD. Since the 2nd century BCE), the growing number of Turkic nomads and invaders among them, who adopted their horse-riding, metallurgy, technologies, clothing, and customs caused them to be also often confused with the latter, which mostly occurred in the case of the Scythians (aka, Sarmatians, Skolotoi, Iazyges, etc.). Qurt: A Kazakh "cheese of resilience" - BBC The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was a Turkic-led empire occupying the territories of modern-day northern China, Mongolia, and southern Siberia around the Yenisei River. Nomadic Kazakh warriors next to normal people. Led by Catherine, the Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing Islam to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the region to preach to the Kazakhs, whom the Russians viewed as "savages" and "ignorant" of morals and ethics. Reprint Burt Franklin, New York. Kazakh Food: 15 Must-Try Dishes in Kazakhstan - Will Fly for Food Moreover, they were the people with high developed art. nomadic kazakh warriors height Scythia (/si/; Ancient Greek: ) was a region of Central Eurasia in classical antiquity, occupied by the Eastern Iranian Scythians,[5][6][7] encompassing parts of Eastern Europe east of the Vistula River and Central Asia, with the eastern edges of the region vaguely defined by the Greeks. 10 Reasons Why Kazakhstan Is One of the World's Most Underrated [32][33][34] The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. At its height, the khanate ruled from eastern Cumania (modern-day West Kazakhstan) to most of Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan and the Syr Darya river with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and Khorasan Province, which are now in Russia and Iran, respectively. 13.6k Likes, 239 Comments - Anatolian Leo (@anatolianleo) on Instagram: "Nomadic Kazakh warriors next to normal people." and around the Tarim Basin (Tarim mummies, Kingdom of Khotan) or the rural areas of Europe (Sarmatia, Pannonia, Vysperia, Spyrgowa/Spirgovia, Boioaria/Boghoaria) and Indian subcontinent (Kaperia, Pandab etc.). Gold dove headdress plaques unearthed from ancient burial mounds built by Saka warrior people in Kazakhstan. Kazakh is a state (official) language in Kazakhstan. J.-C. environ)", and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. During the subsequent centuries, the Northern Yuan dynasty tended to continue their nomadic way of life. [78] Nurhaci said to the Mongols, "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. The Kazakhs made up 20% of the population of the Trans-Caspian region according to the 1897 census. For Kazakhs, the yurt is truly a home-a symbol of comfort, connection with the earth and the universe, and reminder of the nomadic past. Drink milk. The Kazakh oral tradition has also overlapped with ethnic nationalism, and has been appropriated for decolonialist educational purposes since the collapse of the Soviet Union.[44][45][46]. didaktik der geometrie zusammenfassung The Kazakhs are descendants of the ancient Turkic Kipchak tribes and the medieval Mongolic tribes, and generally classified as Turco-Mongol cultural group.[25][26]. Even today, 117 languages are spoken in Kazakhstan. Kurt. Sarah Cameron (Associate Professor of University of Maryland) described this genocide on her book, "The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan". Kazakhs, called "" in Chinese (pinyin: Hsk Z; lit. [41], The first clear mention and evidence of the Bulgars was in 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor Zeno (474491) against the Ostrogoths. The state was formed by nomads who settled along the border of Moghulistan, and was called Uzbeg-Kazk. [34], Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval Central Asia, generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. How tall were the ancient Mongolians who conquered Asia and Europe? nomadic kazakh warriors height - ayetotes.com c. The noble class, in nomadic society, . nomadic kazakh warriors heightpine script to python converter nomadic kazakh warriors height. nomadic kazakh warriors height - familyservicescc.org They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazk. They were the first Turkic tribe to use the name Trk as a political name. Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China during the 19321933 famine in Kazakhstan. Text Size:millwork district dubuque apartments why did jillian leave workaholics. In the late 14th century, the Golden Horde propagated Islam in its state. The clothing worn by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th century CE, like most other aspects of their culture, reflected their nomadic lifestyle in the often harsh climate of the Asian steppe. . how to get to disney springs from boardwalk / bb dakota plaid jacket canada / nomadic kazakh warriors height. 121136", Falk (2001), pp. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Ming dynasty rebuilt the Great Wall, which had been begun many hundreds of years earlier to keep the northern nomads out of the Central Plain. [47] The theory suggests that the Qazaqs then divided among a wider territory after expanding from Zhetysu into most of the Dasht-i Qipchaq, with a focus on the trade available through the cities of the middle Syr Darya, to which Sayram and Yasi belonged. Similarly, the Indo-European dominions, like the Cimmerian, Scythian, Sarmatian or Kushan ones, were not strictly nomadic or strictly empires. [43], The Kazakh oral tradition has long been used for propagandistic purposes. Under the leadership of Bumin Khan and his sons they established the First Turkic Khaganate around 546, taking the place of the earlier Xiongnu as the main power in the region. Kazakhs, called " " in Chinese ( pinyin: Hsk Z; lit. We are confident that the exhibition, and the research carried out around it, will open to the public new pages in the history of both the east Kazakhstan region, and all humankind., Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. To protect themselves from them and from the evil eye, Kazakhs wore protection beads and talismans. . Colonization by Russians and deportations of people from throughout the Soviet domain to the Karlag (Gulag), infused Kazakhstan with diverse peoples. The traditional home for many nomadic tribes of the Near East and Central Asia was the yurt, also called a ger in Mongolia. Where is Kazakhstans former longtime leader Nursultan Nazarbayev? 29, 33, 368371. KAZINFORM Kazakh nomad warriors who arrived in London to participate in the Lord Mayor's Show attracted the attention and the cameras of Londoners and guests of the UK capital from the first. Nomadic Kazakh warriors next to normal people. - 9GAG Ukrainian presidential aide: Putin has lost touch with reality [2] Ibn Khaldun (13321406) described a similar cycle on a smaller scale in 1377 in his Asabiyyah theory. Historical population of Kazakhs: [100][101] Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the number of Kazakhs in Iran decreased because of emigration to their historical motherland. Appearing from beyond the Volga River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they conquered all of eastern Europe, ending up at the border of the Roman Empire in the south, and advancing far into modern day Germany in the north. According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and Graves Hansard in their book A Grammar of Ancient Geography published in 1832, Sarmatia had two parts, Sarmatia Europea [14] and Sarmatia Asiatica [15] covering a combined area of 503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764km2. [64][65] "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary. zitronenspaghetti mit kokosmilch; bkk vbu rechnung einreichen adresse; franzsischer kuchen tarte No one knows for sure where the yurt originated, but what is known is that it was used by nomads in Central Asia for over 3,000 years. The Timurids, self-designated Gurkn, were a Turko-Mongol dynasty, established by the warlord Timur in 1370 and lasting until 1506. Locals claim that many live in Kunduz and others in Takhar Province, Baghlan Province, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul.[22]. Though ethnically Kazakh, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, those people acquired Russian citizenship. Introducing the Scythians | British Museum Once inhabited by Indo-European, specifically Iranian peoples, such as the Saka, Turkic peoples largely assimilated and replaced the previous population, giving rise to various Stepper entities, such as the First Turkic Khaganate or the Kipchak Khaganate, which was later conquered by Mongolic peoples and integrated into the Mongol empire. Military valor of Kazakh warriors was praised for centuries. ][84] Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai. [60][68][69] Kazakhs have predominantly East Asian ancestry, and harbor two East Asian-derived components, one dominant component commonly found among Northeastern Asian populations (associated with the Northeast Asian "Devils Gate_N" sample from the Amur region), and another minor component associated with historical Yellow River farmers, peaking among Han Chinese. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. pdga foot fault penalty The next day, the warriors presented the historical component at the Lord Mayors Show, along with a young jazz band from the Kazakh National University of Arts. The khaganate was founded in 693 by Bars Bek, and in 695, after a confrontation with the Second Turkic Khaganate, was recognised by Qapagan. It was only the second intact Saka burial to be discovered in Kazakhstan, according to the Fitzwilliam, which is the University of Cambridges art and antiquities museum. 125,000 troops. [73] Their primary mode of production was farming, and they lived in villages, forts, and towns surrounded by walls. [40], The Ukrainian term Cossack probably comes from the same Kipchak etymological root, meaning wanderer, brigand, or independent free-booter. Kazakhstan Culture - Nomadic Spirit - Advantour The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: sg. On Horseback Among the Eagle Hunters and Herders of the Mongolian Altai [103] Kayseri, Van, Amasya, iekda, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinyol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance. The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern Central Asia and southern Siberia known as the Kazakh Steppe. They controlled an area corresponding to modern-day northern China, Mongolia, and southern Siberia. J.-C.-100 apr. Routledge/UNESCO. Some assimilated locally and cannot speak the Kazakh language. The Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and their ancestors lived in such a way before the Jin. Save the Children UK, 2006, Senior Horde (also called Elder or Great), Learn how and when to remove this template message, " . Their appearance in Europe brought with it great ethnic and political upheaval and may have stimulated the Great Migration. Nomadic Kazakh warriors next to normal people. - instagram.com By 1917, the Arabic script for Kazakh was reintroduced, even in schools and local government. These resulted in a decline and further disintegration into three Jz-es, which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding Russian Empire. [27][28][29][30][31][32] Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations.
Nicknames For The Second Generation,
Candy Making Class Chicago,
Eco Defense Organic Home Pest Control Spray Ingredients,
Shoyu Sugar Ginger, Garlic, Chili Pepper Water,
Our Lady Of Lourdes Massapequa Bingo,
Articles N