Encomiendas have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in New Spain, the encomienda ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families. The same title was granted to colonial leaders. During the spread of Spanish colonies, Spain had few serious rivals in the Americas. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labour of particular groups of indigenous peoples, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero; following the New Laws of 1542, upon the death of the encomendero, the encomienda ended and was replaced by the repartimiento.[1][2]. Where was the Encomienda system used? Bartolome de las Casas: Destruction of the Amerindians, Las Casas, Valladolid Debate & Converting the New World, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: Lesson for Kids. Castilian forces who, in 1492, overthrew Granada, the last Moorish kingdom in Iberia, were granted lands as a reward by the Crowns of Aragon and Castile. . Ovando was a Knight of the Order of Alcantara, which fought the Moors during the Reconquista. Minster, Christopher. Those families that held land would eventually become oligarchies that controlled the Indigenous people. In 1542, the King tried to correct those conditions with the New Laws governing the treatment of indigenous people in Spanish colonies. The system was also instituted in Spain's only major colony in the Asia-Pacific region, the Philippines. Copy. . Mit'a - Wikipedia Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. 16 chapters | Leaders of the Reconquista were granted the title of adelantado (one who goes in advance) with the authority to establish control on behalf of the Crown. Several factors eroded encomienda, including the design of the system itself, a massive decline in indigenous populations, the creation of a hacienda economy, and Crown intervention to stem the brutality of encomenderos. Resndez, Andrs. C. H. Haring, The Spanish Empire in America (1947). The Crown saw their Indigenous colonial subjects as having rights. The son of a merchant who would accompany Christopher Columbus on his second voyage and, PUEBLO REVOLT. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/encomienda-0. The encomienda system played a different role in the Philippines than in the Americas. "Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System." He lobbied the King to abolish encomienda. In 1550, Spain abolished the encomienda system and replaced it with a new repartimiento system. Get the answers you need, now! Omissions? Mit'a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor, i.e. It eventually did so by regulating the amount of tribute that the Indian population had to deliver; by abolishing personal, unpaid service by the Indians to the encomendero; by creating a loyal royal bureaucracy; and by fostering the rise of an independent class of Spanish farmers that would counterbalance the encomendero class. Some of the encomenderos managed to secure title-deeds to certain lands: unlike the encomiendas, these could be passed down from one generation to the next. It was developed in feudal Spain, when the Moors (North African Muslims) occupied parts of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal). a system in which land was distributed to the native people. European Colonies in the Age of Exploration. - Mythology, Overview, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite's Mystical Theology, Mark Antony of Rome: Biography, Facts & Death, Dante Alighieri: Biography, Works & Quotes, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. [12][13][14] Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and were granted encomiendas. Unit 4 - Labor Systems Graphic Organizer 1450-1750 - Name Many priests and Catholic brothers were appalled at the treatment of indigenous people under the encomienda system. Francisco Pizarro, the second cousin to Cortes, began the conquest of Peru and helped destroy the Incan Empire; he was the illegitimate and possibly illiterate son of a military officer. While the conquistadors were wringing every last speck of gold from their miserable subjects, the ghastly reports of abuses piled up in Spain. Wikizero - Encomiendas in Peru Sevilla: Moz Moya Editor, 1997. ." Although there were never enough such grants to reward all those who felt they deserved one, the encomienda proved a useful institution, from the crown's point of view, in the first two or three decades after the discovery and conquest of the New World kingdoms of Mexico and Peru. Reformers such as Bartolom de las Casas were predicting everything from the complete depopulation of the Americas to the eternal damnation of everyone involved in the whole sordid enterprise. An alternative to encomienda was repartimiento (partition). The encomienda lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century. The Indigenous people could also be made to work for a certain amount of time, say on a sugarcane plantation or in a mine. Spanish Casta System Overview & Purpose | What was the Casta System? Outside of New Spain and Peru, encomienda was short-lived in most Spanish colonies, as the depopulation of the Americas due to war and disease, pressure for reform from the Crown, and changes in colonial economies made the system less serviceable. system of forced labor called the encomienda. In reality, all the labor that could be done was required, and unless the encomienda was ended, the next generation would also owe labor. [28][29][30][31], The encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown-managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Encomienda, the right to control the labor of and collect tribute from an Indian community, granted to subjects, especially the first conquerors and their descendants, as a reward for service to the Spanish crown. Give Me Liberty-An American History-Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet The rebellion and civil war in the Andes together with continuing news of the unchecked mistreatment of the natives and their dwindling numbers forced the crown to take steps to reconquer the Americas from an ever more powerful and semi-autonomous encomendero nobility. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 Indigenous people and even on such a small scale, it wasnt long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. In other words, although the encomiendas were phased out eventually by the crown, the lot of the Indigenous people did not improve. However, in the most remote areas, encomiendas were often kept throughout the colonial period in complete defiance of the royal decree in order to populate these regions. Portugal satisfied labor demand in the sixteenth century via . Reading them today, the New Laws do not seem radical they provide for basic human rights such as the right to be paid for work and the right to not be unreasonably taxed. In reality, indigenous people were forced to provide labor. The task of collecting tribute and overseeing the Indian communities was given to the corregidor de indios, a district administrator or governor, who was part of the bureaucratic apparatus established by the crown to regain control of the New World kingdoms from the all-powerful encomenderos. As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda (from Spanish encomendar, to entrust) consisted of a grant by the crown to a conquistador, a soldier, an official, or others of a specified number of Indios (Native Americans and, later, Filipinos) living in a particular area. Monasticism Overview, History & Orders | What is Christian Monasticism? ." The Crown awarded an encomienda as a grant to a particular individual. Bogot: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispnica, 1995. In this way, the crown could more easily direct the use of indigenous labor to activities deemed worthwhile, like mining. It started in 1833 and ended in 1920 in America. Image retrieved from alamy.com highlighting the treatment of Amerindians by the Spaniards. ." Pizarro's Conquest & the Inca Civil War | Who Conquered the Inca Empire? encomienda, in Spains American and Philippine colonies, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. Thus began an institution that supported a class of powerful individuals, created by royal fiat, that would figure prominently in the history of the New World for the next century and into the eighteenth century on the fringes of the Spanish New World empire. "Slave Law and Claims Making in Cuba: The Tannenbaum Debate Revisited. The encomienda was thereafter renewed (or not) on an individual basis, at the death of the previous encomienda holder; assigned a steep transfer tax; and gradually eliminated, except on the frontiers of the empire (e.g., Paraguay). Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Encomienda y encomenderos en el Peru: Estudio social y politico de una institucion colonial. The encomienda system amounted to the practice of a spoils system. It was essentially enslavement, given but a thin (and illusory) veneer of respectability for the Catholic education that it implied. The encomienda was not officially abolished until the late 18th century. Black Legend History & Culture | What is the Black Legend? ." [35], Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola. a noble attempt to care for the native people. When did the encomienda system start and end? In reality, Indigenous colonial subjects had no protection from their encomendero. 23 Feb. 2023
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