Welcome to the SAPROF website! The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) (Bartel, Borum, & Forth, 2003; Borum, Bartel, & Forth, 2006) is a "structured professional judgment" (SPJ) tool for assessing violence risk in adolescents (between the approximate ages of 12 and 18). I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), Limitations and Necessary Future Research. 2013-12-12T13:18:56+05:30 The Nature of Violence Risk and Protective Factors Clinical!predictionof!violence!remains!challenging!for!all!mental!healthprofessionals.! Each risk item has a three-level rating structure with specific rating guidelines. Click here to navigate to respective pages. Download Violence Risk Assessment and Management Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle. I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: In the treatment sample, verbal aggression was most frequent. D`(#)cg4j >8b\:;;\~>AOb cn3x]~=A/;9yisKsRE "Wi&PbSBpp))zYJTi)o/:hQ/A=|uT{!;dQX~M)zWZ Risk factors are rationally divided into three categories; Historical, Individual, and Social/Contextual. patient violence psychology wiki fandom. In the initial validation study, the SAVRY Risk Total correlated significantly with the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (. | Promotions Items have direct implications for treatment, including the consideration of dynamic factors that can be useful targets for intervention in risk reduction. For: Assess risk of violence in individuals ages 12-18 years. HW[o6~3*uIaZ%hP$I/yxwu]\N.m9BBY$;,M(s vOVwq`u=XqJ\F-+U,6l#qgyN7eJ|fXN27vfON+}PvtST,OW2)_8P8Eb[y/Dv8Pl|VN?ldb.cD:*W`Q8t;]{h lX/k\b1\[seigx9;2P b^,.(O7@-VIWwoQa)*@`==BTmXFg:C@>^E bkDg)M[k,H|*y@ endstream endobj 1300 0 obj <>stream endobj Yesterday I had the opportunity to complete training on effective use of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) tool. HVMo8W,`(*~M.8VRD; q73oVvjOP@G1+sy_#r,}~F#eVE;XF'y~`y 6JTFyLJ|}r`pN$|?sAuyL)fPGmzSbNW 2c|4 \}: Y] OPE%SFPCq2XQ!F'xr Sp Risk Item/Factors. policy. 4 0 obj It may be used by professionals in a variety of disciplines who conduct assessments and/or make intervention/supervision plans concerning violence risk in youth. Past behavior alone appears to be a better long-term predictor of future behavior than clinical judgments and may also be a a better indicator than cross-validated actuarial techniques. The SAVRY is not designed to be a formal test or scale; there are no assigned numerical values nor are there any specified cut-off scores. The SAVRY ( Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth) is a risk assessment tool that rates four risk domains (Historical Risk Factors, Social/Contextual Risk Factors, Individual/Clinical Factors, and Protective Factors). The recently translated German version of Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), based on the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management Scheme (HCR 20), was evaluated in a sample of forensically assessed youth regarding the predictive validity for criminal recidivism. Reliability and Internal Consistency. This study examined the ability of juvenile probation departments to apply the. endobj I9oS"B*;OygnF&6RNj-Pk.HHZp,6AqnQ@# =);bnS 7dXx@hv9lDi &~}uSzsl'g? This longitudinal study explored the existence of, and the transition between, latent classes based on risk/need domains of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY). A very helpful and prominent framework within the field of correctional psychology used to guide structured risk assessment and rehabilitation is the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model (Andrews and Bonta 2010; Bonta and Wormith 2013).This model, first espoused by Andrews et al. 2.0MB. Each risk item has a three-level rating structure with specific rating guidelines (Low, Moderate or High). A tool designed to detect violence risk in juveniles, the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), produced the highest rates of predictive validity, while an instrument used to identify adults at risk for general offending, the Level of Service Inventory - Revised (LSI-R), and a personality scale commonly used for the . Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth. Its central objective is to facilitate assessments that are systematic, empirically grounded, developmentally informed, treatment oriented, flexible, and practical. 5.73 RevisedComprehensive Norms for an Expanded Halstead -Retian Battery: Introductory Kit - Revised Comprehensive Norms Professional Manual,and 50 Record Forms 5.74 Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test (SNST) - Introductory Kit:Manual, 25 Form C Stimulus Sheets, 25 Form C-W Stimulus Sheets, & 50 Record Forms5.75 Neuropsychological . endobj !kei{uN~t.5$b>X"jW(a`:)f$HijYYO4DSzF(&eiczpbYqe{e $_=yy_,'E#[| .FnY~7G!aJ=\uAl-4vT+4]'Q[l^4:{CuJdw%p oGiIFm =jW?7_U(Qa*/7S^gT`i[R1*: I)i {q *'@bZNU1Yvz qz%]9Wkt'#7z7uQ,{huU[MaRign( The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), developed by Randy Borum, Patrick Bartel, and Adelle Forth, is a risk assessment instrument designed to structure appraisals of violence risk and risk management plans for adolescents. dX The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) (Bartel, Borum, & Forth, 2000, 2003, 2006) A 30-item tool that includes Historical factors, Social/contextual factors, Individual/clinical risk factors, and Protective factors Non-Historical Items rated Moderate to High = focus for intervention/case planning Not designed to be a formal test or scale, there are no assigned numerical values or specified cutoff scores. !H,Pi?CTeI6b {glO4_\JXN;1X1BWme-LIW7VwGxg5fy=Vj(a{OhIdANCo+2'W_i F#RkQ9|6HI=:]4ZPXK6VTbO!B-" (' EhGD~QL7mGT07] b:R1w1'D$3 ~ps~pqQj\vvRM/) These are drawn from existing research and the professional literature on adolescent development as well as on violence and aggression in youth. 97 0 obj Regarding predictive validity, AUC coefficients for the SAVRY Risk Total have shown large effects, averaging about .74 to .80 across numerous studies. It is empirically grounded, based on the best available research, and guideline. endstream endobj 1299 0 obj <>stream The SAVRY (Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth) is a risk assessment tool composed of 24 items in three risk domains (Historical Risk Factors, Social/Contextual Risk Factors, and Individual/Clinical Factors), drawn from existing research and the professional literature on adolescent development as well as on violence and aggression in youth. | Privacy policy I just finished reading Youth Violence: Theory . [180 0 R] Regarding predictive validity, AUC coefficients for the SAVRY Risk Total have shown large effects, averaging about .74 to .80 across numerous studies. Lodewijks We can find among the, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. The summary risk rating is similarly transposed for statistical analysis. This expanded and updated new edition reflects the growing importance of the structured professional judgement approach to violence risk assessment and management. endobj ,Cb".S4iD@6jYnp~[AcQ7A+T5o, bFOT {9),/@55HG!7CiV@;?SCSkz;;{S The SAVRY (Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth) is a risk assessment tool composed of 24 items in three risk domains (Historical Risk Factors, Social/Contextual Risk Factors, and Individual/Clinical Factors), drawn from existing research and the professional ,,. All parties can file a report with the Office of Juvenile Justice by calling the Investigative Services hotline at 1-800-626-1430. Approximately 16 studies have examined the SAVRYs interrater reliability, mostly revealing good to excellent agreement between raters, with ICCs ranging from .67 to 1.0 for the SAVRY Risk Total and .72 to 1.0 for the SAVRY Summary Risk Rating. In addition to the 24 risk factors, the SAVRY also includes six Protective Factor items that are rated as either Present or Absent. This study examines the predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) by examining relationships between SAVRY scores and violent reoffending during a 3-year, Overrepresentation of minorities and their disproportionate confinement in the U.S. justice system are pernicious, unyielding problems. A systematic review of risk factors for violence in adolescents using the risk factor categories from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment study and recommends the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) risk- assessment tool for assessing adolescent violence risk in the pediatric ED. DOI link for The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) book. (2006). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Composed of evidence-based risk and protective factors, the SAVRY follows the Structured Professional Judgment approach to risk assessment and has been found to predict violence in . x[mo8^CX,.M-^AXJJgHJm*I8vQp8}rt2/:/']r!\nur-O>&W/NxO'E_2w/_b" ='Jy9V8n\"3D:^lC/ylS8oN\fE\? Interrater reliability for the SAVRY Risk Total has ranged between .74 and .97, with an unweighted average of .84. 2014-12-03T10:52-08:00 Print ISBN: 9781138698703 endobj eBook ISBN: 9781315518374 Adobe Risk items are divided into three categories: historical, individual, and social/contextual, and each is coded for severity according to a three-level coding structure (high, moderate, or low). SAVRY reflects the extant literature with respect to risk and protective factors for violent recidivism. Psychiatric Times, 20(3), 102-103. It includes 24 risk . PDF. Predictive Validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) on the Recidivism of Juvenile Offenders: A Systematic Review. Each risk item has a three-level rating structure . The two samples differed significantly for most of the aggression variables, excluding major physical aggression (see Table 2). New York: Guilford Press. <> The Structured Assessment of Violent Youth (SAVRY) was designed by Randy Borum, Patrick Bartel and Adelle Forth to facilitate a comprehensive assessment of violence risk in adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. This tool, designed for children 12-18 (and used up until 21) has shown moderate validity in predicting adolescent violence. A tool designed to detect violence risk in juveniles, the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), produced the highest rates of predictive validity, while an instrument used to identify adults at risk for general offending, the Level of Service Inventory - Revised (LSI-R), and a personality scale commonly used for the . Borum, R., & Douglas, K. (2003). Predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) during residential treatment Violence . <> endstream New directions in violence risk assessment. GA'_fzv ug]!$E$}db8QeJRrQU#5UPjzB Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which measures predictive accuracy in terms of relative improvement over chance, we found that areas under the curve (AUCs) for the total score average about .74 to .80 across studies. endobj e-Manuals and e-Stimulus Books are limited to a single user and device. The SAVRY also accounted for a large proportion of the explained variance in each type of violence. One such instrument, the Structured Assess-ment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) is used to assess the risk , Table of Contents [ hide] Youth Violence - Prevalence and Trends. risk of removal from home, and risk and protective factors determined by the Structured Assessment of ViolenceRiskin Youth(SAVRY)measure.27 Alistof items assessed on the SAVRY measure can be seen in Table 1. Hmk0S]UPKc26];fKdN,+BIX(D!h=6"3Vr5bT!>GZJc].| 2009: The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies Psychological Assessment 21(1): 1-21 endobj The SAVRY is a violence risk assessment tool that follows the structured professional judgement approach to the assessment and management of violence risk in adolescents/young people aged 12-18. 55 0 obj 87 0 obj CmLI}Y"i+5IEv{ADch>)d?G29w1 YVJ480368 40..57 ,mcWPl>mB$P+r~kLo3H4LcvcuCv TS81t`0 #1Q&V/0mPLaTO`c`;@F =551rI" Add to Quote. The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) is a structured professional judgment tool for assessing violence risk in adolescents, between the approximate ages of 12 and 18. Public. The SAVRY was designed to provide clinicians with a Items are coded on the basis of reliable, available information. Evaluators systematically assess predetermined risk factors that are empirically associated with violence, consider the applicability of each risk factor to a particular examinee, and classify each factors severity. There are also protective factors that include prosocial involvement, strong social support, strong attachments & bonds, positive attitude towards authority, a strong commitment to school, and resilient personality traits. The SAVRY (Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth) is a risk assessment tool that rates four risk domains (Historical Risk Factors, Social/Contextual Risk Factors, Individual/Clinical Factors, and Protective Factors). This website is dedicated to the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk, a violence risk assessment tool designed specifically for the assessment of protective factors. The coding form also includes a section for listing additional risk factors and additional protective factors because the SAVRY is not exhaustive in identifying all potential risk and protective factors for any given individual. 105 0 obj Systematic -The primary domains of known risk and protective factors are addressed with clear operational definitions provided. The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) (4) is a violence risk assessment in-strument modeled after a measure normed on adults (i.e., HCR-20), but consisting of items asso-ciated with risk for future violence in adolescents. Includes SAVRY Professional Manual and 50 Rating Forms. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> The ways that R OC methods quantify test accuracy and how ROC methods characterize the distributions of test outcomes in study populations are described. The study examined whether the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) can be used to predict violent reoffending in Chinese male juvenile offenders, and to determine which risk/protective domains (items) are associated with violent recidivism. endobj 116 0 obj Breadcrumbs Section. Additional research is needed and is under way to clarify the SAVRYs applicability in different countries, across genders, and with various ethnic groups. Please see our e-Manuals FAQ before ordering e-Manuals, and please see our e-Stimulus Books FAQ before ordering e-Stimulus Books. endobj Patrick A. Bartel | Contact us | Help & FAQs endobj 177 0 obj Youth, employees, and third parties can report incidents of sexual abuse or sexual harassment in verbal or written formats. Lodewijks, Patrick A. Bartel, Adelle E. Forth, Registered in England & Wales No. The SAVRY protocol is composed of 6 protective factors and 24 risk factors. Lodewijks, H. P. B., Doreleijers, Th. The current study examined the ability of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY), a standardized risk assessment instrument, to predict probation outcomes among a sample of 158 adjudicated juvenile offenders placed on probation. The SAVRY is used throughout the world, and the instrument and manual have been translated into 15 languages. Addresses the primary domains of known risk and protective factors and provides clear operational definitions. Risk assessment tools are globally well established to inform judges about a defendant's risk of recidivism [39]. One emphasis of juvenile justice reform has been implementation of risk assessment instruments to improve case planning. | Free trial The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) is a structured professional judgment tool for assessing violence risk in adolescents, between the approximate ages of 12 and 18. The SAVRY structures professionals' inquiries so that they consider risk factors that are empirically associated with violence, determine the . By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Data were extracted for Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) risk scores and risk behaviours and restrictive practices, as measures of observed risk.,Participants exposed to more ACEs had higher SAVRY risk scores (p < 0.001, two-tailed), with elevations specifically on the historical subscale (p < 0.001, two-tailed). | Cookies Throughout the last decades the so-called Psychology of criminal conduct, which agglutinates scientific knowledge surrounding criminal phenomena, has been taking shape. The following notes come from "Youth Violence: Theory, Prevention, and Intervention" by Kathryn Seifert, which I read before participating in the SAVRY (Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth). Common contexts in which violence risk assessment occurs include involuntary civil commitment, release from prison or forensic hospital, sentencing, transfer of youths to adult court, and sexually [] This finding has been evident in research on other SPJ tools as well and provides some of the first empirical evidence that clinical judgmentsproperly structured and based on sound assessmentscan achieve levels of accuracy that rival that of any other known predictors, while maintaining latitude for case-specific analysis. men who are violent to women a groupwork practice manual. endobj Based on the structured professional judgement (SPJ) model, the SAVRY helps assist in structuring an assessment so that the important factors will not be missed, thus, will be emphasised when formulating a final professional judgement about a youth's level of risk. Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth, Randy Borum, PsyD, Patrick Bartel, PhD, and Adelle Forth, PhD, Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs, and Strengths, includes SAVRY Professional Manual and 50 Rating Forms. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Methods A total of 246 male juvenile offenders were recruited. <> CreatedDecember,2012!! Targeting violence risk and protective factors is essential for correctly understanding and assessing their role in, View 9 excerpts, cites background and methods, The western journal of emergency medicine. Developmentally Informed -Risk and protective factors are based on their relationship to adolescents, not to children or adults. endobj Practical -Time-efficiency of the instrument offers the evaluator essential information for a competent and complete assessment. In the SAVRY, ones risk for serious violence is viewed as the result of dynamic and reciprocal interplay between factors that increase and factors that decrease the likelihood of violence in the developing juvenile over time. TLDR. Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 (Windows) 40 0 obj 94 0 obj 141 0 obj Personal or student reference I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Benefit library's collection Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, Affiliation SAVRY risk assessment in a Dutch sample of violent adolescents: Relation to sentencing and recidivism. psychodynamic approaches to violence. Approximately 16 studies have examined the SAVRYs interrater reliability, mostly revealing good to excellent agreement between raters, with ICCs ranging from .67 to 1.0 for the SAVRY Risk Total and .72 to 1.0 for the SAVRY Summary Risk Rating. endobj The SAVRY is composed of 24 items in three risk domains (Historical Risk Factors, Social/Contextual Risk Factors, and Individual/Clinical Factors), drawn from existing research and the professional literature on adolescent development as well as on violence and aggression in youth. Information was collected by review of JMHC files, which included educational history, parental factors, psychiatric and abuse history, legal history, risk of removal from home, and risk and protective factors determined by the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) measure. | Terms & conditions. All test purchasers must be registered with PAA at an appropriate level before any testing materials will be supplied. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Randy Borum, Henny P.B. With regard to criterion validity, studies have found significant correlations between SAVRY scores and various measures of violence in juvenile justice and high-risk community-dwelling populations. Across five studies, correlations between the SAVRY Risk Total and the PCL:YV Total Score have ranged from .48 to .74, with an unweighted average of .67. Borum, R., & Verhaagen, D. (2006). SAVRY domains were . The tool guides the assessor in considering information, identifying risk factors that are present and relevant, formulating risk, generating potential . Welcome. It is used with a risk-focused tool, such as the Structured, Journal of International Migration and Integration, Violence risk assessment tools are often criticized, particularly when administered to ethnic minorities for whom the measure was not originally developed, partly because they fail to consider unique, Background Adolescents are most at risk of engaging in violent interaction. <> understanding violence does psychoanalytic thinking. Six protective factor items are rated as either present or absent. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> Together with tools like the HCR-20/HCR-20V3 the SAPROF provides a well balanced thorough risk assessment . {JvFydL#Lh\4D=yg.i6Liv)e`RXdC@kc,"QeCsW=O/0h)qAd7 Y+ 'Ji%QDq>N+Z]_DV (2006). Though the SAVRY is sufficiently flexible to accommodate varying styles of risk communication, the coding form prompts evaluators to make a final summary risk rating of low, moderate, or high. Henny P.B. op'4m2Fdx+&5UV*N^9? The SAVRY structures professionals inquiries so that they consider risk factors that are empirically associated with violence, determine the applicability of each risk factor for a particular examinee, and classify each factors severity and significance. <> The SAVRY protocol is composed of 6 items defining protective factors and 24 items defining risk factors. 8l C3 ys}dk6?GN1Og[ssMvL" s)mnu\7qz9&N/uB,;P++Th4p&NQx8B(f(-"q)d5"$E:DY)_X-d5(rxtm8uMv|wh""'E9Q/bCMa=V8yLP-N> }-OsI_#'FO H;}={x6N]0:+`!f-qv)>[| Adelle E. Forth, Print publication date: December 2020 Risk factors for aggressive behavior in juvenile offenders suffering from schizophrenic spectrum disorders The semantic sphere of juvenile offenders , Jan 2017 , w[:(+` !X#13#:"f4fF\siz((-&80V.o[cuXXtTT.8Q3Yl`x)B ),hopx@CefF@@+71& Based on the structured professional judgment (SPJ) model, the SAVRY helps you structure an assessment so that important factors will be emphasized when you formulate a final professional judgment about a youths level of risk. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> The SAVRY protective domain was negatively correlated with both the other measures. r ;Huqf>A"XAw:L&:g`HA[c4. This site requires JavaScript to be enabled on your browser in order to function properly. The ultimate determination of an examinees overall level of violence risk is based on the examiners professional judg-ment as informed by a systematic appraisal of relevant factors. Violence risk assessment is a decision-making task that transpires in numerous legal and clinical settings in which the possibility of a person's future violent behavior is of concern. B_a.QI5^E"f-DXnsM>JMjrN|ZBMlE-RD{fp9w`w/EIu4mo( I3E w!@%&}|kGCt\Ju$}5ZO1m\oAD,!FJ:N NmJc4~qZ6 I`a`U_bH0Q1jy@9h+)AB[9Ii+26uNZM sHe:n =?php4+@Fus QP&CeMOp_(hj6tsA`CPSmL)+@ D$6 LC6`RLU~$A,lR$/-?hU)`gtJ/#5i~E4-/(;p (VABS) (Vineland-3) is a standardized assessment tool that utilizes semi-structured interview to measure adaptive behavior and support the diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities, Page 1/2. Empirically Grounded -Items are based on the best available research and guidelines for juvenile risk assessment practice. The items are clustered under three risk domains: (1) Historical Risk Factors, looking at history of violence, self-harm and suicide attempts, and exposure to violence within the home; (2) Social/Contextual Risk Factors, focusing on peer delinquency and . In the initial validation study, the SAVRY Risk Total correlated significantly with both instruments among offenders and in community samples (e.g., .89 with YLS/CMI and .78 with PCL:YV among offenders). 32 0 obj One of the primary indices used in SAVRY research (not in practice) is the SAVRY Risk Total. This is calculated by transposing item ratings of low, moderate, and high to numerical values of 0,1, and 2, respectively, and summing the values. This study is an examination of the following three instruments for their ability to predict recidivism in violent young offenders: the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth, the Youth, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. <>stream The ultimate determination of a youths overall level of violence risk is based on the examiners professional judgment as informed by a systematic appraisal of relevant factors. %PDF-1.4 % To learn more about the SAVRY, visit the PAR Training Portal and watch a video on school violence and threat assessment. The predictive validity of the S AVRY Risk Total and the SAVRY Risk Rating was moderate for both violent and general recidivism, but both showed incremental validity in predicting outcomes compared with the PCL: YV. Treatment-Oriented -Items have direct implications for treatment, including the consideration of dynamic factors thatmay be useful targets for intervention in risk reduction. In the initial validation sample, SAVRY Total Risk scores were all significantly related to behavioral measures of institutional aggressive behavior (.40) and aggressive conduct disorder symptoms (.52). 1. These instru-ments vary strongly in their degree of structure and involvement of (human) experts. The concurrent validity of the SAVRY has been examined in relation to the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) and the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). 144 0 obj
Cpt Codes That Allow Assistant Surgeon 2020,
Tax In Scotland Or Ireland Daily Themed Crossword,
Purity Vodka Calories,
Which Formed First: Hydrogen Nuclei Or Hydrogen Atoms?,
Articles S