Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Mary was spared. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Elizabeth I: a biography. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). VAT reg no 816865400. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. King Philip of Spain sent an. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. - rebelling of scottish lords. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The invasion failed, however. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Henry himself gave people cause . Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The attack was a success. She was a Protestant. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The conspirators including Babington were all. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. 214 High Street, The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Boston House, - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. - navy to firth of Forth. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. First English colony in Virginia established. . At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Born: 7 September 1533. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. LS23 6AD . A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. From there we will look at the career . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. France was at war with England and Spain. Best Answer. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. 214 High Street, The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. VAT reg no 816865400. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Why religious compromise was so difficult. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Spanish invasion plans. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Roman Catholics . Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. 1558 -french threat. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. By 1568 most people had accepted. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. . [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic.
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