white lotus rebellion

Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. "Tianlijiao ", in. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Kublai Khan The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Update now. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. (February 22, 2023). ThoughtCo. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. }, Page last modified: In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. [6] from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. View original page. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. 22 Feb. 2023 . This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. They are not like some external tribe . After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. (2020, August 27). She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. White Lotus - Wikiwand [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Szczepanski, Kallie. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. id Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. . . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Omissions? We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. #ga-ad {display: none;} ", McCaffrey, Cecily. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12).

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